Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. By instinct, Elizabeth was a - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Mary was spared. Boston House, Spouse: None. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The attack was a success. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. First English colony in Virginia established. - death of henry II. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Doodle's Point of View "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? to answer the Section Focus Question: English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. - Leith blockade. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Why was France a threat? France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. LS23 6AD This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. 2. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Those who refused this were sent to prison. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Born: 7 September 1533. Roman Catholics . It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Died: 24 March 1603. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Spanish invasion plans. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Boston House, The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. J. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Elizabeth I: a biography. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Overview of Elizabeth I / She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. 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It had to deal with Irish . It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. King Philip of Spain sent an. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Write a paragraph or two. Boston Spa, The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. West Yorkshire, In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. The conspirators including Babington were all. West Yorkshire, There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The invasion failed, however. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. West Yorkshire, Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument.