Pete began making banjos in the 1990s at the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in New York City and then apprenticed with Scott Didlake of Mississippi. Leon Ballard SC.nb("brooksbanjos", "gmail.com", "", "", ""); The Custom Banjo order list is currently closed for the foreseeable future while Buckeye works through its backlog of orders. No banjos currently in production, a sad condition for a past great name in instruments. 1 - First banjo completed, Bellflower, sold to Bonnie Hasting, Geoff's banjo student, on July 25th. No. It has big resonant bass notes that you don't find on a 5-string banjo, and also crisp highs for that beautiful banjo tone. 1215 was a good year too Well built in Philadelphia (note the rosewood pot) around 1886 this 130 year old Samuel Stewart Piccolo travelled the world and ended up. They recorded string bands and solo musicians, often on location in makeshift recording studios, and released the music under the labels old-time, old familiar tunes, or hillbilly. Samantha Bumgarner from Dillsboro, North Carolina, recorded ten songs for Columbia Records in April 1924.
History of the Banjo I am obsessed with banjo as a tool of reclamation for African American artists., Our Native Daughters with Allison Russell on banjo: "Quasheba, Quasheba" (2020). Often this book, at least at my writing this review in 2014, will go for $150-$400. 301 Church Street Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Other musicians polished up the old sounds and made slick new commercial recordings. SC.nb("greg", "buckeyebanjos.com", "", "", ""); Rostislav ?apek Born in 1865, W. E. Temlett left school at the age of 14 and entered his father's factory and it was not long before he was appointed manager. The, was a set of six long-playing records that compiled eighty-four songs initially released on, Realizing the recordings were made only a few decades earlier, disciples of the. By the end of the century, banjo repertoire had expanded from plantation and minstrel tunes to include sentimental popular songs, waltzes, mazurkas, polkas, and ragtime.
Chronicling "America's African Instrument": Laurent Dubois on the The banjo is a stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity to form a resonator. A listing of notable musicians who play the banjo as a major part of their output include: A listing of celebrities who play the banjo include: American Banjo Museum Hall of Fame members, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Carroll Best: Old-Time 'Fiddle-Style Banjo' from the Great Smoky Mountains", "Perthshire banjo-maker receives special note of thanks from Billy Connolly following documentary appearance", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_banjo_players&oldid=1135301430, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 21:02. They also composed new songs on the banjo, often devising unique tunings for the instrument to achieve the desired tonalities. 137 Utah Avenue www.sylvanbanjos.com SC.nb("scott", "scottvestal.com", "", "", ""); 7258 Banjo Lane The Birth of the Banjo: Joel Walker Sweeney and Early Minstrelsy. Between 1893 and 1917, he made more than 500 recordings of, In the early twentieth century, manufacturers introduced the four-string, or tenor, banjo. For all custom orders, I ask for a $300 non-refundable deposit, 1/2 of the total estimated cost of the banjo when I begin building, and the remainder upon completion. www.omebanjos.com (412) 303-8461 www.nechville.com.
Banjos for Sale - Used and New Resonator, Openback, Tenor 5-String and "African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Conclusion." . SC.nb("lindsaylewellen", "gmail.com", "", "", ""); www.recordingking.com 9700 Humboldt Avenue South Because they did not fit the White stereotype of hillbilly music, record companies were not interested in recording them, though occasionally Black musicians played in the background on records by White artists. Gaddy, Kristina R.Well of Souls: Uncovering the Banjo's Hidden History. +1 (615) 429-6835 He soon dispensed . The Kingston Trios version sold more than three million copies as a single. E- 1134, circa 1950, George Formby plaque inlaid in mother-of-pearl to the headstock, 58 cm long, English ukulele banjo, by John Grey & Sons, model Dulcetta, serial no. Throughout the remainder of the century, banjo makers and music book publishers sought to increase sales among the burgeoning White middle class. Americas Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century. www.stealthbanjo.com Thomas Dartmouth Rice started the minstrel craze in 1828 with his song and dance Jump Jim Crow. Joel Walker Sweeney was the first minstrel performer to play the banjo.
Early banjo can anyone identify the maker? | NAWCC Forums SC.nb("FleshrBnjo", "aol.com", "", "", ""); Custom open back 5-string banjos for traditional old-time music. Banjo mandolin with unusual ivory & ebony fretboard & head, back decorated with timber specimens. Unknown Maker Tackhead Minstrel Banjo C. 1840s This is probably the earliest banjo in the collection, tackhead banjos predate the use of straining hooks and nuts to tighten the head although cheap versions were in trade catalogs well into the 1890s. gourd banjo. www.quailcreekbanjos.com SC.nb("hatfieldbanjos", "scrtc.com", "", "", ""); Allen & Monte Hendricks Banjos have experienced a resurgence in . Find an
Want to get on this list? Black string bands still performed at community dances at this time. Tom & Fintan Cussen Clarinbridge, Co. Galway IRL H91 Yp28 +353 91 796156 Mastercraft banjos have been around since the early 1970s, when the company was founded by John W. "Jack" Martin in the small town of Pickens, South Carolina. The two races lived in close proximity in the Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, and other parts of the South, interacting socially and playing music together for dances. PRAGUE, 5 Czech Republic Clarence Tom Ashley, Dock Boggs, Bascom Lamar Lunsford, Buell Kazee, and other rural banjoists recorded in the 1920s using various techniques. +1 (250) 620-0592
Fretted instruments, such as guitars and mandolins, are generally easier to play in tune than unfretted instruments, such as violins, violas, and cellos. Epstein, Dena J. Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War. Later, Sweeny partnered with a drum maker by the name of William Boucher.
Gardner Minstrel Banjo - Ryan Bocook S. S. Stewart produced his own line of banjos from 1878 until his death in 1898. The tenor banjo lacked the short fifth string, which provided a single-note musical drone. hoytbanjos.com
Where are Mastercraft Banjos Made? Discover the Craftsmanship Behind Pioneers of progressive bluegrass include John Hartford, New Grass Revival, featuring banjo virtuoso Bela Fleck, and J.D. Some localities in the Appalachians developed distinctive designs for homemade banjos. Spring Valley, CA USA 91977 rickardbanjos.com
Banjo - Wikipedia League City, TX USA 77573 The author John Peter Zenger (1697-1746) referred to the instrument as a "banger" played by a black man. The rigors of raising a family took precedence over banjo making, but eventually he returned to his craft and maintains a shop in Mesa Arizona. www.morganmonroe.com Windsor, 94 Newhall St. Birmingham, England', 95 cm long, American ukulele banjo, by Gibson, Ub-1 model, Michigan, circa 1920s, 'The Gibson' decal to headstock, 49 cm long, Lida cased banjo with mother of pearl inlay.
7 years earlier was the. It also gives detailed descriptions on the various ways they constructed their clocks including movements. SC.nb("patrick", "pisgahbanjos.com", "", "", ""); Jaroslav Prucha Home Privacy Policy About Me WebDesignBuild.biz Contact. Cover of 1843 Virginia Minstrels song book. Frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard of string instruments that divide the neck into fixed intervals. Black musicians played the banjo to accompany singing and dancing, sometimes with percussion or hand clapping. www.frankneat.com SC.nb("info", "tranjo.com", "", "", ""); Colin J. Vance Mesa, AZ USA 85201
Identifying How Old Your Banjo Is (The Easy Way!) - Pro Music Vault By the early 1940s, musicians introduced electric guitars in jazz and blues. These books demonstrate a transition in playing technique from the African-rooted downstroke, utilized by Black musicians and. A basic banjo that just captures the tone and playability youre looking for is an option, as is a deep well of design options from historical sources. Moreover, the accompanying illustration of the Creole-Bania in the top right corner of Narrative's Plate 69, "Musical Instruments of the African Negroes" (1790/1796, 1988/2010: 539 . SC.nb("zachary_hoyt", "yahoo.com", "", "", ""); 118 M Mid Town Court Samantha Bumgarner (banjo) and Eva Davis (fddle): "Cindy in the Meadow" (1924). SC.nb("ballardbanjers", "yahoo.co.uk", "", "", ""); Bart Reiter 23 Goodwood Lane, PO Box 442 Most banjos today are fretted, though some musicians play fretless. . Pete Ross, a Baltimore banjo maker, player and historian, plays a historic gourd-type banjo replica. +1 (800) 877-6863 De Meglio & F. Glio' dated 1916, in original leather case. First, the banjo was priced out of the market as the Great Depression swept through the country. Call me a sap; it hurt.
Q&A: Jim Bollman - Antiques And The Arts Weekly In many cases, banjos were made using gourds and animal skins. 3 special model, serial number 8382, New York, circa 1920s, intricate abalone shell inlay to fingerboard and headstock which also bears the Company logo. Akeman played in the older clawhammer style and rarely took an improvised solo. defunct listings were for old-time, open-back banjos and most of these were
Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Philip Allison I have spent decades studying historic banjos and is happy to work with any early designs or collaborate on completely new design concepts beyond what you see here. 3563 Highway 231 North Between 1893 and 1917, he made more than 500 recordings of ragtime songs, marches, and minstrel material. 133 Marion Drive However, the nature of the fixed intervals requires some compromise in intonation. Laemouahuma Daniel Jatta with an akonting (photo by Chuck Levy). At its peak, this list had 79 companies. during the 1970's. This one produced in 1977 and just recently returned to us. He became the first star of the Grand Ole Opry radio broadcast. Chris Bozung
Vintage banjo from 1920s to 1970s - price guide and values - Carter's Gold-Tone Banjo was originally formed in 1993. Ltd. The Kingston Trio, with banjo player Dave Guard, released their first album in 1958. won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album. A.A. Farland, celebrated banjo virtuoso of the late 19th and early 20th century, didn't care for those new-fangled tone rings banjo makers of his era were putting on their high-grade instruments -- he thought they sounded "too tinny!" He also abhorred spun-over metal rims like those on S.S. Stewart's banjos for the same reason. Apologies for being away and thanks to our resident designer Ginny for putting the site back together. www.hicklerbanjo.com Lon and Camille Decap, sons of Alos Decap who founded the firm in 1902. Uncle Dave Macon was a skilled musician and showman who gained regional fame as a vaudeville performer in the early 1920s. Shelbyville, TN USA 37160 www.epiphone.com Staunton, VA USA 24401 7 years earlier was the Well built in Philadelphia (note the rosewood pot) around 1886 this 130 year old Samuel Stewart Piccolo travelled the world and ended up except Samuel S Stewart was not a well man. Often referred to as "the red book" (for obvious reasons) by the banjo-collecting world, the books does a great job at identifying and describing some hightly sought banjos. Carlin, Bob. Blackface characters portrayed African Americans in derogatory, clownish exaggerations. 2023 John Furphy Pty. It has simple friction tuning pegs, and is strung with nylon strings. He used European drum technology to attach the head, which provided a mechanism for controlling the instruments tone. Note that instruments made during the war by this renowned maker are rare. Through the 1920s and early 1930s, the guitar gradually replaced the banjo in jazz ensembles. SC.nb("info", "cbguitars.com", "", "", ""); Mike Dawson, Luthier These items have been sold, and the description, image and price are for reference purposes only. As a material, it is harder and more stable than ebony, and is increasingly used by world-class guitar makers. +1 (417) 839-5951 . Prague CZ The Weavers with Pete Seeger on banjo: "On Top of Old Smoky" (1951). Played in the rural South since the second half of the nineteenth century, the banjo rose to become prominent in folk, country, Enslaved West Africans in the Caribbean created a new instrument by incorporating elements of European instruments into the familiar design of their plucked spike lutes. Excellent student model, The Windsor 'Pyxe' banjo, c. 1920's, with original case. SC.nb("colin", "vancebanjos.com", "", "", ""); 1000 Corporate Grove Drive Model no. Bluegrass, both progressive and traditional, old-time, and Americana music are still going strong in recordings, concerts, and gatherings of musicians and fans at festivals. +420 241 760 704
Meet the Builders - Premium-quality, affordable banjo parts store Not all brands have been created . In 1843, a troupe called Virginia Minstrels put on the first full-length minstrel show in a New York City theater. Uncle Dave Macon: "Take Me Back to My Old Carolina Home". severe and the loss of companies represents a thinning of the herd.
1998-2015 Gatherings - The Banjo Gathering Carter's Price Guide to Antiques in Australasia is Registered Trademark of John Furphy Pty.
The banjo became his instrument of choice in work as an activist and advocate for folk music and group singing.
All Rights Reserved. In the early twentieth century, manufacturers introduced the four-string, or tenor, banjo. Two brands, DP Hopkins and Louzee, from the same builders. Danny Moloney The images may have been edited by me for
Carter's Price Guide to Antiques in Australasia is Registered Trademark of John Furphy Pty. Just In; New Enoch Tradesman Fretless Banjo. Progressive bluegrass, or newgrass, draws from a wider pool of musical influences than traditional bluegrass and might include more rock and, , which prompted tremendous interest in the raw, rural sounds of the banjo. Roger McGuinn, whose electric 12-string guitar sound defined the Byrds earlier music, played banjo on some songs, as did virtuoso John Hartford. Afton, VA USA 22920 Virtually Unplayed, One of the Nicest Examples. SC.nb("jason", "romerobanjos.com", "", "", ""); Openback and bluegrass banjos, entirely hand made;Standard New Vintage and custom. In 1968, the Byrds brought it back home with their album Sweetheart of the Rodeo, hailed by many as among the first country-rock albums. However, bluegrass incorporates jazz influences and emphasizes instrumental virtuosity and improvised solo breaks, which were not prevalent in old-time music. 3 banjo with hardwood neck and nickel plated body, leatherette case. Murph Gribble (banjo), Albert York (guitar), and John Lusk (fiddle): "Altamont" (1946). Pollock Pines, CA USA 95726 He's done ground breaking research on early banjo makers William Boucher Jr. and Levi Brown, and was co-curator with Greg Adams and Bob Winans of the exhibit Making Music: The Banjo, Baltimore and Beyond. New Lost City Ramblers: "I Truly Understand" (1958). The body is a hollow gourd, calabash, or carved wood, covered like a drum with an animal hide. Black musicians played the banjo to accompany singing and dancing, sometimes with percussion or hand clapping. No. Council (FSC). The album included their interpretation of Tom Dooley, a song that was already old when G.B. But in the early twentieth century, the banjo began to move to town. 245 Industrial Pkwy S. S. Stewart, the Student model, Grade 2, Philadelphia, circa 1900, open back with the factory mark impressed to verso, 82 cm long, American Orpheum mandolin banjo, by Rettberg & Lange, no. 137 Utah Avenue The vast archives of 20th-century recordings of African American banjo players and Haitian banza players, recorded by John Werk III, Alan Lomax, and others for the Library of Congress and Smithsonian, capture what people who otherwise were relatively voiceless were singing, and therefore what they were saying and thinking about in different Making Music: The Banjo, Baltimore and Beyond. +1 (615) 799-9217 Asheville, NC USA Welcome to the Vintage Banjo Maker, please do, Sign up for email updates from the Vintage Banjo Maker. Hartel Banjos are individually handmade with the finest materials using dimensions from original banjos of the Minstrel Era. 249 South Kane Street Tommy George and Christian Stanfield P.O. With case.
An Early Banjo Gathering - Minstrel Banjo +1 (650) 588-5558 Buffalo Grove, IL USA 60089 Every Bad River banjo is crafted one at a time in the old-time . The instruments were at the core of White, Black, and integrated string bands, which might also include guitar, mandolin, harmonica, or other instruments.
Best Banjo Brands: 10 Best Beginner Banjo Reviews 2023 - Consordini.com www.bishlinebanjos.com
Any thoughts?
Bloom's Banjos - The Home of the Hornbeam Special Goscha | Vintage Banjo Maker www.wildwoodbanjos.com, The Banjo Loft It features 100 "milestone instruments" with in-depth coverage, including model details and beautiful photos. +1 (918) 551-6419 Plucked means that it produces sound when the strings are struck or plucked. SC.nb("info", "deeringbanjos.com", "", "", ""); Scott also heads the Recording King custom shop in Japan. , hailed by many as among the first country-rock albums. North Port, FL USA 34290 To the heal a metal plaque bearing 'The new Windsor/ patent zither Banjo/ A.O. As is typical for this early banjo style, the neck and fingerboard are made from a single piece of wood. Hickler Banjo LLC was established in 2007, but founder Mark Hickler began building musical instruments as a teenager. Although these elements are from the 19th century instruments, I wanted a banjo that would play 20th century pitches with steel strings. +1 (650) 588-5558 property of those builders.
A Stelling Banjo Chronology - Stelling Banjo The 1890s brought the dawn of recorded sound with Thomas Edisons phonograph and Emile Berliners gramophone. Clarinbridge, Co. Galway IRL H91 Yp28 Patrick Heavner & Topher Stephens SC.nb("manbdawson", "frontier.com", "", "", ""); Founded by Lo Gordon, now in the hands of his son. The Old Plantation and Gerrit Schoutens Slavendans dioramas from Suriname both appear to depict this ritual. , banjo manufacturers began installing frets on the instrument. +1 (615) 456-5486 (905) 727-8686 A banjo mandolin, unknown maker, circa 1940s, calfskin head, floating bridge, rosewood fingerboard, nickel hardware, eight buttoned machine heads, hardwood neck and rim, acquired on 12 October 1981, I bought this instrument in 1981 whilst on tour on the, Gibson long necked banjo, purchased in Syndey in 1962 from an American draft dodger, in original hard case. www.tranjo.com In some historical records, "playing banya" or "playing banjo" may have referred to the dance ritual, not the musical instrument. +420-603-868120 The company has been producing banjos for over 40 years and has earned a reputation for being one of the best banjo makers in the world. Frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard of string instruments that divide the neck into fixed intervals. PETE ROSS is a banjo maker, researcher, and musician who lives in . In 2019, Giddens, in collaboration with Black banjo players Amythyst Kiah, Leyla McCalla, and Allison Russell, released the album, . Banjo Mandolin early 20th century in original case. James Hartel has been making and playing banjos on and off since 1973 when he made a banjo for his 2 year old daughter. By the early twentieth century, the mass-produced banjo had become a symbol of White supremacist cultureso much so that in later decades people sometimes had difficulty accepting the fact of . Bela Fleck, Edgar Meyer, Zakir Hussain: NPR Music Tiny Desk Concert (2010). By the mid-1800s, the banjo had become a popular instrument in Europe and America, and quickly became a staple of folk, bluegrass, and country music.
Banjo: An Illustrated History - amazon.com An entirely different approach to pot construction. Some 5-strings are made each year. Franklin, TN USA Banjo built by William Boucher, Jr. in Baltimore Maryland in 1845. www.chuckleebanjos.com He's done ground breaking research on early banjo makers William Boucher Jr. and Levi Brown, and was co-curator with Greg Adams and Bob Winans of the exhibit. Ekona Diatta plays "Gambia" on the akonting (2007). The folk music revival took a turn towards folk-rock in the mid-1960s, as Bob Dylan plugged in, and the Byrds played folk songs with electric guitars.
A Quest to Return the Banjo to Its African Roots - Smithsonian .
The Stedman 'Creole Bania': A Look at the World's Oldest Banjo - Blogger She may have been the first Appalachian banjo player to cut a commercial record.
+1 (570) 924-4080 The instrument may also have been part of a religious ceremony known as the banya prei. 1898 was a good year Beginning in 1977 with Dena Epsteins book Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War, scholars have published extensively on the early history of the banjo. Also see the SHS online store at www.shop-shs.comand the SHS main site at www.shsint.net. Other parts of the "pot" 1.5 5. Scott Zimmerman Continued in business into the early 1900s. The sound of the banjo became commonplace with their theme song for the television show, (1962-1971) and the prominent placement of their instrumental Foggy Mountain Breakdown in the 1967 film, Other prominent bluegrass banjo players, including Don Reno, Sonny Osborne, and Bill Keith, followed in Scruggs footsteps and broke ground of their own. 1 Best Beginner Banjo 2023 Buying Guide 1.1 1. The banjo is a stringed instrument that is, or has been, prominent in American folk, country, bluegrass. In 2019, Giddens, in collaboration with Black banjo players Amythyst Kiah, Leyla McCalla, and Allison Russell, released the album Songs of Our Native Daughters. thanks, George Specifically, the banjo was known to be played in the Antebellum South. They were instrumental in bringing bluegrass to a wider audience through television, radio, and live performances. Played in the rural South since the second half of the nineteenth century, the banjo rose to become prominent in folk, country, old-time, and bluegrass music. The banjos must be available for sale in the United States. Progressive bluegrass continues today with artists such as Alison Krauss and Union Station, Infamous Stringdusters, and Yonder Mountain String Band. The builder must make and sell at least 12 banjos per year or have a history of having done so. While musical tradition runs strong in bluegrass, a generation of younger players started taking the music in new directions in the 1970s. 1881-Dobson patents a tone ring 1890s-Steel strings widely available: cheaper than gut Your donation to Ballad of America, Inc., a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, will teach America's music to children and adults, develop resources for teachers, and build a free online library that promotes appreciation of the ways in which different cultures have contributed to America's musical landscape. Indianapolis, IN USA 46217 The banjo is frequently associated with folk, bluegrass and country music, and has also been used in . +1 (931) 580-5742 The earliest historical record of the banjo in North America was from a 1736 New-York Weekly Journal article. +1 (262) 492-9883 The Carolina Chocolate Drops with Dom Flemons on banjo: "Country Girl" (2012), Rhiannon Giddens and Dom Flemons, former members of the Carolina Chocolate Drops, continue to perform, explore, and tell the banjos story in live performances, recordings, writings, and interviews. Sylvester Louis Vess Ossman was one of the most popular recording artists of his time. 3656 Hopkins Avenue A Mozart banjo, length 100 cm with hard case, stand and book, An antique five string banjo, John Grey & Sons, London, early 20th century, the brass rim and back cast with Eastern inspired decoration enamelled in red and black, with engraved mark to the armrest and metal label to the head, length 95 cm, Cuckoo vintage English four string banjo, late 19th early 20th century, 27 cm drumhead, 75 cm long, A vintage banjo mandolin, early 20th century, 61 cm long, English ukulele banjo, by John Grey & Sons, model George Formby, serial no. Temlett Maker/ London', 89 cm long, English zither banjo, by Windsor, no. William Temlett's son, William Ernest, had started work in his father's factory in early boyhood but left at the age of thirty to form his own business. www.phillipsbanjos.com Zubatho 9, 150 00 Fairview, TN USA Gold Tone has licensed one model. These banjos can have 10.5, 11 or 12 inch pots; with any rim/ tone ring combination available including Electric Prototype, Bacon reproduction, Whyte Laydie, Tubaphone, Dobson; and a standard 25.5 inch scale length, or a shorter 23.5 inch. Historians refer to these new instruments as early gourd banjos. University of Tennessee Press, 1995. The pairing of fiddle and banjo, which integrated Celtic American fiddle and African American banjo styles, became central to song and dance traditions. The banjo sported engraved and gold plated metal parts, engraved mother of pearl position markers on the . www.cloverlickbanjoshop.com SC.nb("will", "seedersinstruments.com", "", "", ""); Formerly J. William Boucher, Jr., the earliest known commercial manufacturer, started building banjos around 1845 from his shop in Baltimore, Maryland. Huber Lancaster with HR-30 Tone Ring. Please contact us with any questions or inquiries. I have worked with world renown banjo maker Kevin Enoch since 2004, collaborating on the design of his esteemed Dobson line, and creating much of the design and inlay on his most ornate banjos.
Banjo Facts: A Selected History - Hamilton College . . Today, the banjo can be heard in virtually every genre of music. Saga Musical Instruments SC.nb("banjobart", "aol.com", "", "", ""); Rob Bishline PO Box 89 Its loud, bright sound cut through jazz bands and dance orchestras, providing a solid rhythm. "The Banjo Timepiece" by Chipman Ela is a very good book showing all the great banjos and their makers. www.sagamusic.com. Vintage banjo collector Lowell Levinger is perhaps best known to 1960s music fans as "Banana," the bushy-haired guitarist and keyboards player for The Youngbloods. Tsumura covers a great deal of his early collection (one that would grow much more). The membrane is typically circular, and usually made of plastic, or occasionally animal skin. www.hatfieldbanjos.com Lacona, NY USA 13083
What is the history of Banjo? - Musician Authority