He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". Far from that, NEPU political struggles transformed the Nigerian Independence struggle from the fight against the British to a fight against both the British and the local agents of the British (the Aristocracy). A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14].
What Were the Effects of the British Taking Over Africa? - The Classroom This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force.
History of Colonization in Africa | How Africa News The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. It is not a personal union of separate colonies under the same Governor like the Windwards, it is not a Confederation of States. The political parties jockeyed for positions of power in anticipation of the independence of Nigeria. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910.
factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroada group that included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Aminu Kanowas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement.
Colonial Nigeria - Wikipedia The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. 3. A Hurst Publication. Hon. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. Lagos became a major slave port in the late 1700s and into the 1850s. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region.
factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Among his leading lieutenants were Samuel Akintola of Ogbomoso and the Oni of Ife, the most important of the Yoruba monarchs. [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. Open Document. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersincluding the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emir of Kano and the Oba of Beninto represent all parts of the colony. with the Norman Conquest led by William, the Duke of Normandy. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. To raise additional revenues, Lugard took steps to institute a uniform tax structure patterned on the traditional system that he had adopted in the north during his tenure there. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897.
Impact of British Colonization on Kenya - PHDessay.com Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. Ever since, the north-south divide has dominated the politics of independent Nigeria. Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition.
Squaring the ledger Britain's rule in Nigeria | Financial Times Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. Each was under a Lieutenant Governor and provided independent government services. [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. Empty cart. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Durres Port. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. Most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences and were surprised and shocked that Nigerians wanted to develop new denominations independent of European control. The early Nigerian nationalist did not seek independence. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. Nigeria: A Country Study. speedo sectionals 2022 texas info@hebasanmakine.com on it burgers ferntree gully closed +90 224 371 29 30 European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. In Europe, Britain sent troops to help its ally, Prussia, which was surrounded by its enemies. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. Imperialism, or the extension of one nation-state's domination or control over territory outside its own boundaries, peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world. In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region.
factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. oriented. In time they captured Oba Ovonramwen and sent him into exile to Calabar, a town east of Benin. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there.
West Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. Military Conquest. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. The NPC was called on to form a government, but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. Most accounts of Nigeria's colonisation were written by British officials, presenting it as a noble civilising mission to rid Africans of barbaric superstition and corrupt tribal leadership. Quiz. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime. They invited missionaries to follow them and, in the 1840s, made themselves available as agents who allowed missionaries and British traders to gain access to such places as Lagos, Abeokuta, Calabar, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass, and Bonny. Facebook Instagram Email. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo.
BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA - ResearchGate He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. They were helped by two major factors; the discovery of quinine as a preventive drug against malaria and the armory the British possess which was superior compared to those of the Nigerians. The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterthe Great Drought of 191314. Resistance was strong in western Igboland, where a series of wars were waged against the British. Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. 979 Words. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. by How Africa 6 years ago. To . The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. They later discovered that the demand for palm oil was in fact stimulating an internal slave trade, because slaves were largely responsible for collecting palm fruits, manufacturing palm oil, and transporting it to the coast, whether by canoe or by human porterage. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the Western Region. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to see among other things the British interest in the area referred to as Sokoto Caliphate, the crises and conflicts that ensued, the resistance put up by the people and the eventual conquest of the caliphate. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America.
Final Conquest Verse By Verse Study of The Book Revelation DVD Robert But the war had more concrete consequences. The factors that led to the colonization of africa by the europeans. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than 1,500 kilometres (930mi), passing through the western portions of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. At the same time, George Dashwood Goldie, a British businessman, bought out all French rivals and created the Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886) in order to control trade on the Niger and administer the immense territories of the Sokoto caliphate and Borno.
The Factors That Led to the Colonization of Africa by the Europeans There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. For political the British were fixed on expanding their empire and gaining control of every major city, state, or country in the world so they could govern every man or woman as they Show More British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. As a further step toward independence, the Governor's Executive Council was merged with the Council of Ministers in 1957 to form the all-Nigerian Federal Executive Council. British Colonizing in Nigeria. The Governor-General represented the British monarch as head of state and was appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Nigerian prime minister in consultation with the regional premiers. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. Description. The movement soon assumed both religious and national characteristics. The so-called Macpherson Constitution, after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson, went into effect the following year.
What Britain Did to Nigeria | Hurst Publishers The boundaries of the two protectorates and the territories of the Royal Niger Company were difficult to define, but the tension was eased in 1894 when both entities were merged into the Niger Coast Protectorate. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. All these things which I have said the Fulani by conquest took the right to do now pass to the British. Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. The choice of political elite at the time of independence can also explain these differences. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to Islamic ideals. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. The Ekumeku, however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism. The incidence of slavery in local societies increased. One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85].
Nigeria - The arrival of the British | Britannica In 1841 the British tried to settle some Egba on a model farm in Lokoja, but the plan was aborted because the mortality rate among European officials was so high. In the 1870s, therefore, George Taubman Goldie began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Lagos was annexed as a Crown Colony in 1861 via the Lagos Treaty of Cession.[30]. Their history illustrates that rarely they had put a programme or a plan before themselves and then acted upon it. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Independence was achieved on 1 October 1960. Most of these came from military backgrounds. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. The Action Group, which staged a lively campaign, favoured stronger government and the establishment of three new states while advocating the creation of a West Africa Federation that would unite Nigeria with Ghana and Sierra Leone. The Royal Niger Company established its headquarters far inland at Lokoja, which was the main trading port of the company,[34] from where it began to assume responsibility for the administration of areas along the Niger and Benue rivers where it maintained depots. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population?
factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers.